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- Using the Bouncy Castle Specific APIs
- Key Pair Generation
- Using a KeyFactory
- Using the JDK APIs
- Key Pair Generation
- Using a KeyFactory
Mar 10, 2014 Key Pair Generation. Key pair generation can be done using explicitly created parameters or by retrieving a named curve from a lookup table. From Explicit Parameters. An org.bouncycastle.jce.ECParameterSpec is required to construct an elliptic curve key. Mar 09, 2016 Pair Class in Java In C, we have std::pair in the utility library which is of immense use if we want to keep a pair of values together. We were looking for an equivalent class for pair in Java but Pair class did not come into existence till Java 7. To create a key pair using a third-party tool. Generate a key pair with a third-party tool of your choice. Save the public key to a local file. For example, /.ssh/my-key-pair.pub (Linux) or C: keys my-key-pair.pub (Windows). The file name extension for this file is not important. Java Microservices. EC Private and Public Key Pair Get familiar with elliptic curve private and public key pairs. Here are the steps to generate an EC private and public key pair: 1. Mar 03, 2020 openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 -noout -out ecprivate.pem openssl ec -in ecprivate.pem -pubout -out ecpublic.pem These commands create the following public/private key pair: ecprivate.pem: The private key that must be securely stored on the device and used to sign the authentication JWT.
Key pair generation in elliptic curve follows the same principles as the other algorithms, the main difference being that, unlike algorithms such as RSA, elliptic curve keys exist only in the context of a particular elliptic curve and require to have curve parameters associated with them to be of any use.
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Having said that, there is one anomaly with elliptic curve over other algorithms in that there are two APIs supported by the provider for using them. The reason for this is that JDK elliptic curve support was only introduced with the release of JDK 1.5. Prior to that providers supporting elliptic curve had to include some provider specific classes to allow it to be used, and as Bouncy Castle has supported elliptic curve since release 1.04 it had to provide it's own API.
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Other than differences in parameters the generation of elliptic curve keys is identical for both Fp and F2m.
Like other asymmetric algorithms, elliptic curve private keys produce DER encodings of PKCS8 PrivateKeyInfo objects and elliptic curve public keys produce DER encodings of X.509 SubjectPublicKeyInfo objects.
The following example shows a simple case of copying a key pair using the
getEncoded()
method on the public and private keys and the X509EncodedKeySpec
and PKCS8EncodedKeySpec
classes.The Bouncy Castle API for elliptic curve consists of a collection of interfaces and classes defined in org.bouncycastle.jce, org.bouncycastle.jce.interfaces, and org.bouncycastle.jce.spec packages which provide provider specific support for elliptic curve keys, parameters, and named curve handling.
Key Pair Generation
Key pair generation can be done using explicitly created parameters or by retrieving a named curve from a lookup table.
From Explicit Parameters
An org.bouncycastle.jce.ECParameterSpec is required to construct an elliptic curve key. The long way of creating one of these is to create the ECParameterSpec object from a Bouncy Castle ECCurve object and an associated base point and order.
Normally you'd only do this if the curve you want is not already present in one of the named curve tables (see below), but if you had a set of parameters you wanted to use it would look something like this:
As you can see it is a two step process. First you need to create the curve and then you need to associate the curve with a base point and an order using an ECParameterSpec which is then used to initialise the KeyPairGenerator object.
Java Generate Ec Key Pair Chart
From Named Curves
Named curves are handled in the Bouncy Castle provider by associating a parameter set with a name using an extension of ECParameterSpec, ECNamedCurveParameterSpec, which can be found in org.bouncycastle.jce.spec. Normally you would not create one of these parameter spec objects directly, but you would retrieve it from one of the two lookup tables in org.bouncycastle.jce - ECNamedCurveTable if you are using ECDSA, or ECGOST3410NamedCurveTable if you are using GOST310-2001. Both classes support a getNames() method which will tell you what named curves are currently supported.
Assuming you were wanting to use the X9.62 curve prime192v1, the code would look something like this:
Using a KeyFactory
From Explicit Parameters
The Bouncy Castle provider also supports key spec objects for cases where the key material is already available and the use of a KeyPairGenerator is not required. In this case the regular KeyFactory class is used and the Bouncy Castle specific classes ECPublicKeySpec and ECPrivateKeySpec are used to hold the material for the public and private keys respectively.
As you can see the first step is identical to that used for the KeyGenerator, except this time the ECParameterSpec is used to create an ECPrivateKeySpec containing the private value and the parameters, and an ECPublicKeySpec containing the public point and the curve parameters.
These can then be passed to a KeyFactory as follows:
and the resulting keys can then be used as the ones produced by the KeyPairGenerator were.
With Named Curves
As with the key pair generation example, if you know the curve associated with the keys you have been given is for a named curve, you can replace the construction of the ECParmeterSpec above with a named curve lookup using one of the named curve tables from org.bouncycastle.jce.
If you are using JDK 1.5 or later there is local support in the JDK for generation of elliptic curve keys.
Key Pair Generation
With Explicit Parameters
If you're using explicit parameters to generate keys:
With Named Curves
The JDK also supports the use of Named Curves using the ECGenParameterSpec, which simply passes the name of the curve to the provider for interpretation. For example to use the X9.62 curve prime192v1 with the Bouncy Castle provider to generate an Elliptic Curve key pair the code would look something like the following:
Using a KeyFactory
With Explicit Parameters
As can be seen in the following code, the explicit parameters case for JDK 1.5 follows the same steps as for the Bouncy Castle provider as can be seen in the following code:
The one difference of note is the use of the
ECPointUtil
class to handle an encoded point. The is a Bouncy Castle specific class which can be used to convert point encodings into JDK ECPoint objects. In the case where the point would have been added from its base BigInteger
objects the following code could replace the call the ECPointUtil
:With Named Curves
This case isn't actually directly supported in the JDK. Bouncy Castle does provide a helper class
org.bouncycastle.jce.spec.ECNamedCurveSpec
which can be used to wrap the return value from the named curve tables provided in org.bouncycastle.jce
:OpenSSL provides two command line tools for working with keys suitable for Elliptic Curve (EC) algorithms:
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The only Elliptic Curve algorithms that OpenSSL currently supports are Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) for key agreement and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) for signing/verifying.
x25519, ed25519 and ed448 aren't standard EC curves so you can't use ecparams or ec subcommands to work with them. If you need to generate x25519 or ed25519 keys then see the genpkey subcommand.
Java Generate Ec Key Pair Key
EC Private Key File Formats[edit]
By default OpenSSL will work with PEM files for storing EC private keys. These are text files containing base-64 encoded data. A typical traditional format private key file in PEM format will look something like the following, in a file with a '.pem' extension:
Or, in an encrypted form like this:
You may also encounter PKCS8 format private keys in PEM files. These look like this:
Or, in an encrypted form like this:
PKCS8 private key files, like the above, are capable of holding many different types of private key - not just EC keys.
You can convert between these formats if you like. All of the conversion commands can read either the encrypted or unencrypted forms of the files however you must specify whether you want the output to be encrypted or not. To convert a PKCS8 file to a traditional encrypted EC format use:
You can replace the first argument 'aes-128-cbc' with any other valid openssl cipher name (see Manual:enc(1) for a list of valid cipher names). To convert a PKCS8 file to a traditional unencrypted EC format, just drop the first argument:
Or to convert from a traditional EC format to an encrypted PKCS8 format use:
Or to a non-encrypted PKCS8 format use:
Note that by default in the above traditional format EC Private Key files are not encrypted (you have to explicitly state that the file should be encrypted, and what cipher to use), whilst for PKCS8 files the opposite is true. The default is to encrypt - you have to explicitly state that you do not want encryption applied if appropriate using the '-nocrypt' option.
As well as PEM format all of the above types of key file can also be stored in DER format. This is a binary format and so is not directly human readable - unlike a PEM file. A PEM file is essentially just DER data encoded using base 64 encoding rules with a header and footer added. Often it is more convenient to work with PEM files for this reason.
The openssl commands typically have options '-inform DER' or '-outform DER' to specify that the input or output file is DER respectively. So for example the command to convert a PKCS8 file to a traditional encrypted EC format in DER is the same as above, but with the addition of '-outform DER':
Note that you cannot encrypt a traditional format EC Private Key in DER format (and in fact if you attempt to do so the argument is silently ignored!). The same is not true for PKCS8 files - these can still be encrypted even in DER format. So for example the following will convert a traditional format key file to an ecrypted PKCS8 format DER encoded key:
EC Public Key File Formats[edit]
EC Public Keys are also stored in PEM files. A typical EC public key looks as follows:
This format is used to store all types of public keys in OpenSSL not just EC keys.
It is possible to create a public key file from a private key file (although obviously not the other way around!):
Java Generate Ec Key Pair Key
As above a DER encoded version can be created using '-outform DER':
Generating EC Keys and Parameters[edit]
An EC Parameters file contains all of the information necessary to define an Elliptic Curve that can then be used for cryptographic operations (for OpenSSL this means ECDH and ECDSA). OpenSSL contains a large set of pre-defined curves that can be used. The full list of built-in curves can be obtained through the following command:
An EC parameters file can then be generated for any of the built-in named curves as follows:
Replace secp256k1 in the above with whichever curve you are interested in.
Keys can be generated from the ecparam command, either through a pre-existing parameters file or directly by selecting the name of the curve. To generate a private/public key pair from a pre-eixsting parameters file use the following:
Or to do the equivalent operation without a parameters file use the following:
Information on the parameters that have been used to generate the key are embedded in the key file itself.
By default, when creating a parameters file, or generating a key, openssl will only store the name of the curve in the generated parameters or key file, not the full set of explicit parameters associated with that name. For example:
This will simply confirm the name of the curve in the parameters file by printing out the following:
If you wish to examine the specific details of the parameters associated with a particular named curve then this can be achieved as follows:
The above command shows the details for a built-in named curve from a file, but this can also be done directly using the '-name' argument instead of '-in'. The output will look similar to the following:
The meaning of each of these parameters is discussed further on this page.
Parameters and key files can be generated to include the full explicit parameters instead of just the name of the curve if desired. This might be important if, for example, not all the target systems know the details of the named curve. In OpenSSL version 1.0.2 new named curves have been added such as brainpool512t1. Attempting to use a parameters file or key file in versions of OpenSSL less than 1.0.2 with this curve will result in an error:
This problem can be avoided if explicit parameters are used instead. So under OpenSSL 1.0.2 you could create a parameters file like this:
Looking at the parameters file you will notice that it is now much longer:
The full parameters are included rather than just the name. This can now be processed by versions of OpenSSL less than 1.0.2. So under 1.0.1:
This will correctly display the parameters, even though this version of OpenSSL does not know about this curve.
The same is true of key files. So to generate a key with explicit parameters:
This key file can now be processed by versions of openssl that do not know about the brainpool curve.
It should be noted however that once the parameters have been converted from the curve name format into explicit parameters it is not possible to change them back again, i.e. there is no utility to take a set of explicit parameters and work out which named curve they are associated with.
See also[edit]
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